General Agriculture
Le Green Revolution : Histoire, Impact et Future (Student Edition)
Description
Un new paradigm de le organization de agricultural research which linked le two International Recherche Centers, CIMMYT en Mexico et IRRI en le Philippines, avec le National Agricole Recherche Institutions de le developing countries led to le Green Revolution. This new cooperative framework was conceived by le leaders de le Rockefeller Fondation et le Ford Fondation et carried forward et strengthened by le Consultative Group sur International Agricole Recherche. Now pour le first time, a book written by H.K. Jain, a former Director de le Indien Agricole Recherche Institute, who saw it all happen, provides en a single publication a complete et coherent account de le scientific discoveries, new technologies, et policy decisions, et their impact sur world food production. Le book goes sur to examine le future direction de agriculture as it evolves en le 21st century et le new technologies which will be needed. Once le science de modern agriculture considered en le first six chapters, was en place, traditional agriculture started to change en le early years de le 20th century as described en chapter 7. Chapters 8 et 9 focus sur le dwarf plant-types de wheat et rice selected by farmers en Japan et Taiwan respectively. They became le source de genes pour fertilizer responsive, high-yielding varieties de wheat at CIMMYT en Mexico et rice at IRRI en le Philippines. It is these varieties et others developed subsequently by multi-disciplinary groups de scientists en le national agricultural research systems de many developing countries, which spearheaded le Green Revolution. Following le establishment de le two International Agricole Recherche Centers, Governments en many developing countries took unprecedented decisions to reorganize et strengthen their institutional infrastructure pour research et development to foster such collaboration, et en order to evolve high-yielding varieties de their own, better adapted to le diverse agro-ecological conditions de their country et avec grain quality characteristics preferred by their people. Le impact de le high-yielding varieties sur le production de wheat et rice en le developing countries is considered en Chapter 10. Le new technologies came at a critical time when le densely populated countries de South Asia were facing serious food shortages. But it has had its costs et there is a growing realization now among le scientists that le world would need a different kind de high-yield agricultural technology en le years to come. It will have to be sustainable et safe pour human health et pour le environment, protecting le natural resources de land, soils, water et agro-biodiversity. Le last Chapter considers some de le new concepts et directions de research which le scientists are now pursuing.
Table des matières
Foreword, Preface 1) Origin et Advance de Traditional Agriculture, First Farming Villages, Hypotheses sur Origin, Génétiqueally Gifted Individuals, Selection Pressures sur Domesticated Plantees, Adaptive Radiation et le Golden Age de Landraces, Hybridisation et Heredity, Early Concepts de Culture Nutrition : Le Age de Organic Manures Saving Cultures from Diseases et Pests Ancient et Traditional Irrigation Practices Traditional Farm Implements, Scientifique Discoveries Paved le Way pour Moderne Agriculture 2) Mendel’s Discoveries et Scientifique Plante Breeding, Segregation de genes, Independent Assortment de Genes, Significance de Mendel’s Discoveries pour Plante Breeding, Multiple Alleles, Phenotype et Genotype, Role de le Environnement, genes pour Quantitative Traits 3) Le Advent de Inorganic Fertilisers, Liebig et le Advent de Inorganic Fertilisers, Soil Fertility et Cultureping Systèmes, Le Rothamsted Experiments, Développement de Fertiliser Industry, Micronutrients 4) Pest et Disease Gestion, Advent de Pesticides, Organic Pesticides, Scientists en Organic Pesticide Recherche, Chemicalisation de Agriculture et le Environnement, Le Balance Sheet, Integrated Pest Gestion (IPM) 5) Moderne Systèmes de Irrigation, On-farm Gestion, Moderne Méthodes, Irrigation Works, Growing Role de Irrigation Pumps in, Developing Countries 6) Nouveau Farm Machines, Le Advent de Tractor, Le Combine Harvester, Tractor en Developing Countries 7) Transition To Moderne Agriculture, Traditional vs. Moderne Agriculture, Early Impact de Moderne Agriculture, Hybrid Maize, Sugarcane, Le Scientifique Breakthrough en Improvement de Sugarcane, Nouveau Méthodes, Crosses at Java et Barbados, Coimbatore Contributions, Potato, Improvement de Potato, Transformation into a Temperate Culture, Introgression de Genes from Wild Species, Re-tropicalisation et Extension de Potato to Developing Countries, Le Developing Countries Turnaround pour le Modernisation Process 8) Un Breakthrough In Wheat Yields, Le Green Revolution Technologie, Tenetic Improvement de Wheat, Wheat Recherche en Inde, Le Yield Barrier, Le Fertiliser Response, Scientists Identify a Nouveau Recherche Priority, Le European Experience, Le Advent de Semidwarf Spring Wheats, Evolution de Norin 10, Norin 10 Moves to le Americas, Evolution de Gaines, Le Mexican Wheat Improvement Programme, Norman E. Borlaug’s Semidewarf Spring Wheats, Inde’s First Brush avec le Semidwarf Wheat Vareities, Review by Senior Wheat Scientists, Borlaug’s Inde Visit, Wider Testing, Evaluation et Release, Government’s Nouveau Policy, Reorganisation de Agricole Recherche, National Demonstrations de Semidwarf Wheat Varieties, Bulk Import de Seeds From Mexico, Team de scientists Visits Mexico, Pricing Policy, Indien Wheat Scientists Takeover, Le All-Inde Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project, Le Coordinators, Borlaug’s Advance Generation Breeding Material, Un Nouveau Generation de Wheat Varieties, Wheat Breeders en le Coordinated Project, Indien Agricole Recherche Institute, State Agricole Universities, released Varieties en Summary, Génétique Gains, Seed Multiplication Programme, Multilines et Diversification, Homeostasis et Broad Adaptation, Norin 10 Genes et Their Yield Advantage, Wide Adaptation de Mexican Semidewarfs, Génétique Analyse de Dwarfing genes, Moléculaire Expression de Dwarfing Genes, Le Multi-disciplinary Approche, Agronomic Gestion de le Semidwarf Wheat Varieties, Gestion de Diseases, Epidemiology de le rust Fungi, Race Nomenclature et Maintenance, Identification de Durable Resistance, Mapping le Migration de Fungal Spores, From Shortage to Surplus, Beyond Inde, Genes de Green Revolution, Plan-type Genes et Reverse Evolution, Akakomughi, Un Forgotton Dwarf Landrace de Japanese Origin, CIMMYT’s Continuing Contributions, Un Retructured Wheat Genome, IB/IR Translocation, Un Mondial Center 9) Le Rice Revolution, Origin et Evolution de Rice, Génétique Improvement de Rice en Inde, Pureline Selections, Le FAO report, Le Indica-Japonica Hybridisation Project, Un Breakthrough en Taiwan : Le First High-yielding Indica Varieties, Un wheat-Rice Parallel, International Rice Recherche Institute, Un Nouveau Paradigm de Donor Assistance, IRRI scientists Move avec their research Agenda, Le Genesis de IR 8, Power de Classical Plante-breeding, First International Testing de IRRI Varieties, IRRI Becomes le Bridge, First introduction de Taichung Native 1 en Inde, Inde Missed an Earlier Opportunity, Intensification de Rice Recherche en Inde, Le all-Inde Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Project, Le Nouveau Plante-type Triggers a Massive Hybridisation Programme, Traditional Types to le Rescue, Jaya et Padma-Le First Indien High-yielding Rice Varieties, Contributions de Different Recherche Institutions, Central Rice Recherche Institute, Cuttack, Rice Recherche Directorate, Hyderabad, Contributions de IARI Scientists, Central Soil Salinity Recherche Institute, State Agricole Universities, Leadership en Punjab, Fertiliser Response, Managing Diseases et Insect Pests, Impact sur Production et Productivity, IRRI Comes out avec a Nouveau Generation de Disease et Pest Resistant Varieties, Evolution de IR 36, Significance de Landraces et Traditional Varieties, Génétiques de Dwarfing en Rice 10) High-Yielding Varieties Across Countries et Continents : Le Impact, Spread de High-yielding Wheat Varieties, High-yielding Varieties from National Institutions, Le China Story, Économie Impact de High-yielding Wheat Varieties, Impact sur Wheat Production en Mexico et Pakistan, Le Australian Experience, Impact en Europe et American, Le Impact de Semidwarf, High-Yielding Varieties de Rice, Le Génétique Content de Varieties, Économie et Social Impact de le Green Revolution Technologie de Rice, Le Time was Right 11) Agriculture de Le Future: Nouveau Directions, Determinants de Moderne Agricole Technologie, Search pour Nouveau Solutions, Resources de Agriculture, Énergie Investments en et Returns from, Agriculture Économie de Farm Énergie, Improved Photosynthetic Efficiency, Biologique Nitrogen Fixation, Conservation Agriculture, Fertiliser Nitrogen Gestion, Precision Farming, Improved Eau Gestion, Organic Farming, Moderne Biotechnologie, Author Index, Subject Index